What is the price of a bond and how to calculate it
Hello dear readers!
The topic I propose to discuss is the price of a bond. Today you will find out what is hidden behind this concept, what cost characteristics of bonds are distinguished, what determines the price in the domestic market, etc.
Содержание
What is the price of a bond and what does it depend on?
In recent years, in our country, again, like twenty years ago, they became interested in bonds. What is it and how to get the most out of them?
A security gives its owner the right to demand the acquisition of income on it after a certain period of time. The percentage of profit often exceeds what could be obtained by making a deposit in the bank.
In the modern market, you can buy bonds of the state and various commercial firms. Government bonds include people's bonds from the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.
What is a fair price?
Calculate it using the formula:
- k – coupon for a certain period;
- d — profitability for this period;
- H is the face value of the bond;
- n is the total number of periods.
How rating affects the price of a bond
When buying, you must first of all pay attention to the rating of the organization from which you plan to buy a CBS. The highest rating is denoted by the symbols AAA, the lowest — D (default).
In other words, the rating is the probability that the issuer will be able to repay its debt.
The higher the issuer's rating, the lower the yield of its bonds in the market. If the rating is low, then the yield is higher than the market. This phenomenon is called the risk premium.
The impact of the economy on the price
The cyclical nature of the economy affects the securities market. When there is an economic downturn, the Central Bank lowers the interest rate for lending institutions, which makes loans, like investments, cheaper.
More sharply react papers with a long maturity (they are getting more expensive!), while short ones practically do not change in value.
On the contrary, if the economy has entered a phase of recovery, then rates rise, and the market rate falls.
Why are you paying more for a bond?
Often the seller announces one fee, but in fact you have to pay a completely different one. Why is this happening?
The broker (intermediary company) determines the «net price», that is, the direct cost of the paper itself. On the market, one has to deal with the full, or «dirty» price, which also includes ACI — accumulated coupon income.
Why is it impossible to announce the course immediately along with the NKD? If that were the case, then prices would rise constantly. For the stability of denominated securities in the market, ACI is lowered, keeping only the “net” value.
You need to pay more even when demand increases. The more potential buyers want to buy paper, the higher the price will be (the law of supply in the market).
Price types
Rated
Issue
Redemption
In other states, the redemption price depends on the amount and terms of the loan, may be higher or lower than the nominal value or equal to it.
Market
How to determine the current price?
But how do you calculate the current price of a bond? I suggest looking into it.
Calculation formula
In general, the formula looks like this:
where
- P is the current price of the bond;
- H is its face value;
- i — percentage discount rate (in fractions of units, that is, for example, 12% = 0.12);
- t is the number of days to maturity.
You do not have to calculate the current price, since this is the quote, it is reflected in the Quik trading terminal.
Features of bond valuation
Zero Coupon
Bonds can be coupon or zero coupon.
A zero-coupon bond assumes that the investor will receive as income only the difference between the issue price and the face value of the paper.
If the market quote is higher than the face value, then the difference in price between the face value and the market is called a premium, or agio, in which case the investor's income decreases.
If it is lower, then the difference is called a discount, disaggio or discount. The income from such a bond will be higher.
The current value is calculated using the derived expression:
Here H is the face value, is the current price, r is the discount rate, and n is the number of years after which the bond will be redeemed.
With coupon payment at maturity
I will introduce a notation that will be used in further calculations:
- P is the current value;
- H — face value;
- g is the annual coupon rate, expressed as a percentage;
- С – annual coupon yield (in percent), С=gH;
- k is the rate of return to maturity;
- y is the time (years) remaining until extinction.
A bond with a coupon payment at maturity assumes that the coupon is accrued once and is paid along with par at the time of redemption.
For such paper, the cost is calculated as follows:
Fixed interest coupon
The income is paid as follows: periodically (usually once every six months, less often — once a quarter or a year) you receive interest on the coupon, and the face value is returned only at the time of redemption.
Value formula:
Floating interest coupon
In such a bond, the interest is not constant, it is tied to some specific indicator (exchange rate, for example), and the rate is announced only at the beginning of a new period. The nominal value is extinguished upon redemption, but the floating interest is charged periodically.
You can calculate the price as follows:
A new Cy value has appeared — this is the predicted coupon profit, it is calculated for each period separately.
Price of a perpetual bond with periodic interest payments
«Eternal rent» — this is the name of this type of bond. They do not have a nominal redemption period, but constantly (with a certain period) bring profit to the owner.
In this formula, m is the annual number of coupon payments, and t is the time until the next coupon payment.
Conclusion
In my opinion, buying a bond is the least risky business. However, in order not to fall for the bait of scammers and not lose your invested money, buy bonds through a broker on the stock exchange. That is why you need to be a financially literate person and invest in reliable tools.
Be vigilant, subscribe to articles and share useful information with your friends! See you soon!
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